Read a Teledyne/RDI ADCP file (called 'adp' in oce).
a connection or a character string giving the name of the file
to load. (For read.adp.sontek.serial, this is generally a list of
files, which will be concatenated.)
indication of the first profile to read. This can be an
integer, the sequence number of the first profile to read, or a POSIXt time
before which profiles should be skipped, or a character string that converts
to a POSIXt time (assuming UTC timezone). See “Examples”, and make
careful note of the use of the tz argument. If from is not
supplied, it defaults to 1.
an optional indication of the last profile to read, in a
format as described for from. As a special case, to=0 means
to read the file to the end. If to is not supplied, then it defaults
to 0.
an optional indication of the stride length to use while walking through
the file. If this is an integer, then by-1 profiles are skipped
between each pair of profiles that is read, e.g. the default by=1
means to read all the data. (For RDI files only, there are some
extra features to avoid running out of memory; see “Memory considerations”.)
character string indicating time zone to be assumed in the data.
optional signed number indicating the longitude in degrees East.
optional signed number indicating the latitude in degrees North.
character string indicating the type of instrument.
optional character value. If this is "??" then the
read.adp.rdi() works by locating the indices in file at which data
segments begin, and storing them as index in a list that is returned.
The other entry of the list is time, the time of the observation.
ignored.
boolean value indicating whether to indicate the progress
of reading the file, by using txtProgressBar() or otherwise. The value
of monitor is changed to FALSE automatically, for non-interactive
sessions.
if TRUE, despike() will be used to clean
anomalous spikes in heading, etc.
if provided, the action item to be stored in the log. (Typically only provided for internal calls; the default that it provides is better for normal calls by a user.)
logical value (IGNORED).
a flag that turns on debugging. Set to 1 to get a moderate amount of debugging information, or to 2 to get more.
optional additional arguments that some (but not all)
read.adp.*() functions pass to lower-level functions.
An adp object.
The contents of that object make sense for the particular instrument
type under study, e.g. if the data file contains
NMEA strings, then navigational data will be stored in an item
called nmea in the data slot).
As of 2016-09-25, this function has provisional functionality to read data from the new "SentinelV" series ADCP -- essentially a combination of a 4 beam workhorse with an additional vertical centre beam.
If a heading bias had been set with the EB command during the setup
for the deployment, then a heading bias will have been stored in the file's
header. This value is stored in the object's metadata as
metadata$heading.bias. Importantly, this value is
subtracted from the headings stored in the file, and the result of this
subtraction is stored in the objects heading value (in data$heading).
It should be noted that read.adp.rdi() was tested for firmware
version 16.30. For other versions, there may be problems. For example, the
serial number is not recognized properly for version 16.28.
In Teledyne/RDI ADP data files, velocities are coded to signed 2-byte integers, with a
scale factor being used to convert to velocity in metres per second. These
two facts control the maximum recordable velocity and the velocity
resolution, values that may be retrieved for an ADP object name d
with d[["velocityMaximum"]] and d[["velocityResolution"]].
Early PD0 file formats stored the year of sampling with a different
base year than that used in modern files. To accommodate this,
read.adp.rdi examines the inferred year, and if it is greater than
2050, then 100 years are subtracted from the time. This offset was
inferred by tests with sample files, but not from RDI documentation,
so it is somewhat risky. If the authors can find RDI documentation that
indicates the condition in which this century offset is required, then
a change will be made to the code. Even if not, the method should
not cause problems for a long time.
The names of items in the data slot are below. Not all items are present
for ll file varieties; use e.g. names(d[["data"]]) to determine the
names used in an object named d. In this list, items are either
a vector (with one sample per time of measurement), a
matrix with first index for time and second for bin number,
or an array with first index for time, second for bin number,
and third for beam number. Items are of vector type, unless
otherwise indicated.
| Item | Meaning |
a | signal amplitude array (units?) |
ambientTemp | ambient temperature (degC) |
attitude | attitude (deg) |
attitudeTemp | (FIXME add a description here) |
avgMagnitudeVelocityEast | (FIXME add a description here) |
avgMagnitudeVelocityNorth | (FIXME add a description here) |
avgSpeed | (FIXME add a description here) |
avgTrackMagnetic | (FIXME add a description here) |
avgTrackTrue | (FIXME add a description here) |
avgTrueVelocityEast | (FIXME add a description here) |
avgTrueVelocityNorth | (FIXME add a description here) |
br | bottom range matrix (m) |
bv | bottom velocity matrix (m/s) |
contaminationSensor | (FIXME add a description here) |
depth | depth (m) |
directionMadeGood | (FIXME add a description here) |
distance | (FIXME add a description here) |
firstLatitude | latitude at start of profile (deg) |
firstLongitude | longitude at start of profile (deg) |
firstTime | (FIXME add a description here) |
g | data goodness matrix (units?) |
heading | instrument heading (degrees) |
headingStd | instrument heading std-dev (deg) |
lastLatitude | latitude at end of profile (deg) |
lastLongitude | longitude at end of profile (deg) |
lastTime | (FIXME add a description here) |
numberOfHeadingSamplesAveraged | (FIXME add a description here) |
numberOfMagneticTrackSamplesAveraged | (FIXME add a description here) |
numberOfPitchRollSamplesAveraged | (FIXME add a description here) |
numberOfSpeedSamplesAveraged | (FIXME add a description here) |
numberOfTrueTrackSamplesAveraged | (FIXME add a description here) |
pitch | instrument pitch (deg) |
pitchStd | instrument pitch std-dev (deg) |
pressure | pressure (dbar) |
pressureMinus | (FIXME add a description here) |
pressurePlus | (FIXME add a description here) |
pressureStd | pressure std-dev (dbar) |
primaryFlags | (FIXME add a description here) |
q | data quality array |
roll | instrument roll (deg) |
rollStd | instrument roll std-dev (deg) |
salinity | salinity |
shipHeading | ship heading (deg) |
shipPitch | ship pitch (deg) |
shipRoll | ship roll (deg) |
soundSpeed | sound speed (m/s) |
speedMadeGood | speed over ground (?) (m/s) |
speedMadeGoodEast | (FIXME add a description here) |
speedMadeGoodNorth | (FIXME add a description here) |
temperature | temperature (degC) |
time | profile time (POSIXct) |
v | velocity array (m/s) |
xmitCurrent | transmit current (unit?) |
xmitVoltage | transmit voltage |
For RDI files only, and only in the case where by is not specified,
an attempt is made to avoid running out of memory by skipping some profiles
in large input files. This only applies if from and to are both
integers; if they are times, none of the rest of this section applies.
A key issue is that RDI files store velocities in 2-byte values, which is
not a format that R supports. These velocities become 8-byte (numeric) values
in R. Thus, the R object created by read.adp.rdi will require more memory
than that of the data file. A scale factor can be estimated by ignoring
vector quantities (e.g. time, which has just one value per profile) and concentrating on matrix properties
such as velocity, backscatter, and correlation. These three elements have equal dimensions.
Thus, each 4-byte slide in the data file (2 bytes + 1 byte + 1 byte)
corresponds to 10 bytes in the object (8 bytes + 1 byte + 1 byte).
Rounding up the resultant 10/4 to 3 for safety, we conclude that any limit on the
size of the R object corresponds to a 3X smaller limit on file size.
Various things can limit the size of objects in R, but a strong upper limit
is set by the space the operating system provides to R. The least-performant machines
in typical use appear to be Microsoft-Windows systems, which limit R objects to
about 2e6 bytes (see ?Memory-limits). Since R routinely duplicates objects for certain tasks
(e.g. for call-by-value in function evaluation), read.adp.rdi uses a safety
factor in its calculation of when to auto-decimate a file. This factor is set to 3,
based partly on the developers' experience with datasets in their possession.
Multiplied by the previously stated safety factor of 3,
this suggests that the 2 GB limit on R objects corresponds to approximately a
222 MB limit on file size. In the present version of read.adp.rdi, this
value is lowered to 200 MB for simplicity. Larger files are considered to be "big",
and are decimated unless the user supplies a value for the by argument.
The decimation procedure has two cases.
If from=1 and to=0 (or if neither from or to is given), then the
intention is to process the full span of the data. If the input file is
under 200 MB, then by defaults to 1, so that all profiles are read.
For larger files, by is set to the ceiling() of the
ratio of input file size to 200 MB.
If from exceeds 1, and/or to is nonzero, then
the intention is to process only an interior subset of the file. In this
case, by is calculated as the ceiling() of
the ratio of bbp*(1+to-from) to 200 MB, where bbp is the number
of file bytes per profile. Of course, by is set to 1, if this
ratio is less than 1.
If the result of these calculations is that by exceeds 1, then
messages are printed to alert the user that the file will be decimated,
and also monitor is set to TRUE, so that a textual progress bar
is shown (if the session is interactive).
An important part of the work of this function is to recognize what
will be called "data chunks" by two-byte ID sequences. This function is
developed in a practical way, with emphasis being focussed on
data files in the possession of the developers. Since Teledyne-RDI tends
to introduce new ID codes with new instruments, that means that
read.adp.rdi may not work on recently-developed instruments.
The following two-byte ID codes are recognized by read.adp.rdi
at this time (with bytes listed in natural order, LSB byte before
MSB). Items preceded by an asterisk are recognized, but not handled,
and so produce a warning.
| Byte 1 | Byte 2 | Meaning | |
| 0x00 | 0x01 | velocity | |
| 0x00 | 0x01 | velocity | |
| 0x00 | 0x02 | correlation | |
| 0x00 | 0x03 | echo intensity | |
| 0x00 | 0x04 | percent good | |
| 0x00 | 0x06 | bottom track | |
| 0x00 | 0x0a | Sentinel vertical beam velocity | |
| 0x00 | 0x0b | Sentinel vertical beam correlation | |
| 0x00 | 0x0c | Sentinel vertical beam amplitude | |
| 0x00 | 0x0d | Sentinel vertical beam percent good | |
| 0x00 | 0x20 | VMDASS | |
| 0x00 | 0x30 | Binary Fixed Attitude header | |
| 0x00 | 0x32 | Sentinel transformation matrix | |
| 0x00 | 0x0a | Sentinel data | |
| 0x00 | 0x0b | Sentinel correlation | |
| 0x00 | 0x0c | Sentinel amplitude | |
| 0x00 | 0x0d | Sentinel percent good | |
| 0x01 | 0x0f | ?? something to do with V series and 4-beam |
Lacking a comprehensive Teledyne-RDI listing of ID codes, the authors have cobbled together a listing from documents to which they have access, as follows.
Table 33 of reference 3 lists codes as follows:
| Standard ID | Standard plus 1D | DESCRIPTION |
| MSB LSB | MSB LSB | |
| --- --- | --- --- | |
| 7F 7F | 7F 7F | Header |
| 00 00 | 00 01 | Fixed Leader |
| 00 80 | 00 81 | Variable Leader |
| 01 00 | 01 01 | Velocity Profile Data |
| 02 00 | 02 01 | Correlation Profile Data |
| 03 00 | 03 01 | Echo Intensity Profile Data |
| 04 00 | 04 01 | Percent Good Profile Data |
| 05 00 | 05 01 | Status Profile Data |
| 06 00 | 06 01 | Bottom Track Data |
| 20 00 | 20 00 | Navigation |
| 30 00 | 30 00 | Binary Fixed Attitude |
| 30 40-F0 | 30 40-F0 | Binary Variable Attitude |
Table 6 on p90 of reference 4 lists "Fixed Leader Navigation" ID
codes (none of which are handled by read.adp.rdi yet)
as follows (the format is reproduced literally; note that
e.g. 0x2100 is 0x00,0x21 in the oce notation):
| ID | Description |
| 0x2100 | $xxDBT |
| 0x2101 | $xxGGA |
| 0x2102 | $xxVTG |
| 0x2103 | $xxGSA |
| 0x2104 | $xxHDT, $xxHGD or $PRDID |
and following pages in that manual reveal the following meanings
| Symbol | Meaning |
DBT | depth below transducer |
GGA | global positioning system |
VTA | track made good and ground speed |
GSA | GPS DOP and active satellites |
HDT | heading, true |
HDG | heading, deviation, and variation |
PRDID | heading, pitch and roll |
Files can sometimes be corrupted, and read.adp.rdi has ways to handle two types
of error that have been noticed in files supplied by users.
There are two bytes within each ensemble that indicate the number of bytes to check within
that ensemble, to get the checksum. Sometimes, those two bytes can be erroneous, so that
the wrong number of bytes are checked, leading to a failed checksum. As a preventative
measure, read.adp.rdi checks the stated ensemble length, whenever it detects a
failed checksum. If that length agrees with the length of the most recent ensemble that
had a good checksum, then the ensemble is declared as faulty and is ignored. However,
if the length differs from that of the most recent accepted ensemble, then read.adp.rdi
goes back to just after the start of the ensemble, and searches forward for the next two-byte
pair, namely 0x7f 0x7f, that designates the start of an ensemble. Distinct notifications
are given about these two cases, and they give the byte numbers in the original file, as a way
to help analysts who want to look at the data stream with other tools.
At the end of an ensemble, the next two characters ought to be 0x7f 0x7f, and if they
are not, then the next ensemble is faulty. If this error occurs, read.adp.rdi attempts
to recover by searching forward to the next instance of this two-byte pair, discarding any
information that is present in the mangled ensemble.
In each of these cases, warnings are printed about ensembles that seem problematic.
Advanced users who want to diagnose the problem further might find it helpful to
examine the original data file using other tools. To this end, read.adp.rdi
inserts an element named ensembleInFile into the metadata slot.
This gives the starting byte number of each inferred ensemble within the original data
file. For example, if d is an object read with read.adp.rdi, then using
can be a good way to narrow in on problems.
The bq (bottom-track quality) field was called bc until 2023-02-09.
See https://github.com/dankelley/oce/issues/2039 for discussion.
This file type, like other acoustic-Doppler types, is read with a hybrid R/C++ system, for efficiency. The processing steps are sketched below, for users who want to inspect the code or build upon it.
In R, readBin() is used to insert the file contents into
a vector of type raw.
In C++, this raw vector is scanned byte by byte,
to find the starting indices of data "chunks", or subsections of
the data that correspond to individual sampling times.
Checksum computations are also done at this stage, to detect
possible data corruption. Warnings are issued for any bad chunks,
and they are skipped in further processing. The valid
starting points are then passed back to R as a vector of
type integer.
In R, readBin() is used to read the components of each chunk.
For speed, this is done in a vectorized fashion. For example,
all the velocities in the whole file are read in a single call
to readBin(). This process is done for each of the data
fields that are to be handled. Importantly, these readBin()
calls are tailored to the data, using values of
the size, endian and signed parameters that are tailored
to the structure of the given component.
Scaling factors are then applied as required, to convert the
components to physical units.
Finally, in R, the acquired items are inserted into the data or
metadata slot of the return value, according to oce convention.
Teledyne-RDI, 2007. WorkHorse commands and output data
format. P/N 957-6156-00 (November 2007). (Section 5.3 h details the binary
format, e.g. the file should start with the byte 0x7f repeated twice,
and each profile starts with the bytes 0x80, followed by 0x00,
followed by the sequence number of the profile, represented as a
little-endian two-byte short integer. read.adp.rdi uses these
sequences to interpret data files.)
Teledyne RD Instruments, 2015. V Series monitor, sentinel Output Data Format.
P/N 95D-6022-00 (May 2015). SV_ODF_May15.pdf
Teledyne RD Instruments, 2014. Ocean Surveyor / Ocean Observer Technical Manual.
P/N 95A-6012-00 (April 2014). OS_TM_Apr14.pdf
Teledyne RD Instruments, 2001. WinRiver User's Guide International Version.
P/N 957-6171-00 (June 2001) WinRiver User Guide International Version.pdf.pdf
Other things related to adp data:
[[,adp-method,
[[<-,adp-method,
ad2cpCodeToName(),
ad2cpHeaderValue(),
adp,
adp-class,
adpAd2cpFileTrim(),
adpConvertRawToNumeric(),
adpEnsembleAverage(),
adpFlagPastBoundary(),
adpRdiFileTrim(),
adp_rdi.000,
applyMagneticDeclination,adp-method,
as.adp(),
beamName(),
beamToXyz(),
beamToXyzAdp(),
beamToXyzAdpAD2CP(),
beamToXyzAdv(),
beamUnspreadAdp(),
binmapAdp(),
enuToOther(),
enuToOtherAdp(),
handleFlags,adp-method,
is.ad2cp(),
plot,adp-method,
read.adp(),
read.adp.ad2cp(),
read.adp.nortek(),
read.adp.sontek(),
read.adp.sontek.serial(),
read.aquadopp(),
read.aquadoppHR(),
read.aquadoppProfiler(),
rotateAboutZ(),
setFlags,adp-method,
subset,adp-method,
subtractBottomVelocity(),
summary,adp-method,
toEnu(),
toEnuAdp(),
velocityStatistics(),
xyzToEnu(),
xyzToEnuAdp(),
xyzToEnuAdpAD2CP()
Other functions that read adp data:
read.adp(),
read.adp.ad2cp(),
read.adp.nortek(),
read.adp.sontek(),
read.adp.sontek.serial(),
read.aquadopp(),
read.aquadoppHR(),
read.aquadoppProfiler()
adp <- read.adp.rdi(system.file("extdata", "adp_rdi.000", package = "oce"))
summary(adp)
#> ADP Summary
#> -----------
#>
#> * Filename: "/private/var/folders/8b/l4h64m1j22v5pb7vj049ff140000gn/T/RtmpCyMpfG/temp_libpathd805205d7eb4/oce/extdata/adp_rdi.000"
#> * Instrument: adcp
#> * Manufacturer: teledyne rdi
#> * Serial number: unknown
#> * Firmware: 16.28
#> * Cell Size: 0.50 m
#> * Beam Angle: 20 deg
#> * Location: unknown latitude, unknown longitude
#> * Frequency: 600 kHz
#> * Ensemble Numbers: 1, 2, ..., 8, 9
#> * Transformation matrix::
#> 1.462 -1.462 0.000 0.000
#> 0.000 0.000 -1.462 1.462
#> 0.266 0.266 0.266 0.266
#> 1.034 1.034 -1.034 -1.034
#> * Time: 2008-06-25 10:00:00 to 2008-06-25 10:01:20 (9 samples, mean increment 10 s)
#> * Data Overview
#>
#> Min. Mean Max. Dim. NAs
#> v [m/s] -0.416 0.011534 0.406 9x84x4 0
#> q NA NA NA 9x84x4 0
#> a NA NA NA 9x84x4 0
#> g NA NA NA 9x84x4 0
#> distance [m] 2.23 22.98 43.73 84 0
#> pressure [dbar] -0.274 -0.23489 -0.193 9 0
#> temperature [°C, ITS-90] 12.06 12.082 12.11 9 0
#> salinity [PSS-78] 35 35 35 9 0
#> depth [m] 0 0 0 9 0
#> soundSpeed [m/s] 1497 1497 1497 9 0
#> heading [°] 276.39 277.14 278.14 9 0
#> pitch [°] 1.1209 1.2033 1.4212 9 0
#> roll [°] -2.49 -2.4033 -2.35 9 0
#> headingStd [°] 0 0.22222 1 9 0
#> pitchStd [°] 0.1 0.11111 0.2 9 0
#> rollStd [°] 0 0.088889 0.1 9 0
#> pressureStd 76 100 135 9 0
#> xmitCurrent 61 61 61 9 0
#> xmitVoltage 155 155 155 9 0
#> ambientTemp 103 103 103 9 0
#> pressurePlus 77 77 77 9 0
#> pressureMinus 76 76.778 77 9 0
#> attitudeTemp 101 101 101 9 0
#> attitude [°] 130 130 130 9 0
#> contaminationSensor 159 159 159 9 0
#>
#> * Processing Log
#>
#> - 2024-04-13 12:22:58 UTC: `read.adp.rdi(file = system.file("extdata", "adp_rdi.000", package = "oce"))`